International Encyclopedia of Education: Fourth Edition

Governments extol the virtues of “seamless” education systems, and prevalent in political discourse is the notion of pathways. Discussion involving pathways must inevitably consider their context—educational systems and labor markets. The first part draws on the international literature to examine t…

The focus of this chapter is on learning for and in practice and learning environments that afford such learning. In a systematic review of literature on learning processes and learning activities of (future) professionals we searched for designable elements of learning environments which may elicit…

Promotion and tenure requirements in higher education call faculty members to invest in professional development activities continuously to achieve full mastery of skills, content, and unique features of their profession. Participation in such activities is seen as contributing to teacher educators …

Vocational education is often positioned as preparing (young) people for specific occupations, usually based upon national prescriptions of the capacities required to practice those occupations. However, given the constant changes in occupational and workplace performance requirements, that preparat…

Across human history, most occupational capacities have been learned through work activities and interactions, in ways that are distinct from how that learning is supported and occurs in educational institutions. Understanding how learning arises through work, therefore, requires explanatory premise…

This chapter chronicles the 30 years of competency-based training (CBT), a curriculum approach which characterized the Australian vocational education and training (VET) system, during that time. The chapter draws upon and brings up to date two previous published accounts by the author, of 10 years …

Apprenticeship learning is a central macro-approach to how learning and teaching can take place, standing in contrast to schooling. In the apprenticeship learning approach, learning takes place in the real-life context in which the content to be learned is of immediate relevance. Learning is underst…

STEM has become a primary focus of various products, events, practices, programs, and policies. This proliferation in popularity is an international phenomenon, and it is in this context that STEM schools—the focus of this entry—have been established. After contextualizing the propagation of STEM sc…