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The first part of the article (published in the December 1985 issue) reviewed the literaturè on graphic literacy particularly in relation to vocational education. In this second part of the article, a study conducted by Sofo (1984) on graphic literacy in the workplace is described. Although the area of graphic literacy remains relatively unexplored, Sofo's study demonstrated that adolescents with the poorest reading comprehension abilities benefited more from illustrations, tables, charts, figures and graphs than did the able readers. A major recommendation of the study is for further research to be conducted which would clarify how graphics materials assist comprehension and how they could be most beneficially utilized within vocational training courses. © 1986 The Vocational Aspect of Education Ltd.

[No abstract available]

The first part of the article reviews the literature on graphic literacy particularly in relation to vocational education. The concept of graphic literacy is explained in terms of the Development Model of Literacy and a study conducted by Sofo (1984) on graphic literacy in the workplace will be described in Part Two in a later issue. Although the area of graphic literacy remains relatively unexplored, Sofo's study demonstrated that adolescents with the poorest comprehension abilities benefited more from illustrations, tables, charts, figures and graphs than did the able readers. A major recommendation of the study was for further research to be conducted which would clarify how graphics materials assist comprehension and how they could be most beneficially utilized within vocational training courses. © 1985 The Vocational Aspect of Education Ltd.

[No abstract available]

Government policy to increase substantially the amount of vocational training and education available to school-leavers in this country raises the issue of how much and what kind of training is provided elsewhere. This article describes the training given in Britain and Germany in five of the more popular occupations: mechanical fitter, electrician, construction worker, office worker and retailing. Comparisons are made of the scope of the syllabus, and the standard reached at final tests. One of the important differences is the greater emphasis on practical (in contrast to theoretical or written) tests in all these occupations in Germany, which are carried out under examination conditions. It also appears that a greater proportion have reached basic and tested standards in mathematics at school; this provides a firmer basis for subsequent vocational instruction. The gap between the two countries in training standards and numbers of trainees is particularly marked for the two occupations catering mainly for female entrants-office workers and retailing. Shortcomings in Britain's industrial performance have often centred as much on delivery delays and poor progress chasing—which require responsible and competent office personnel—as on technical faults. These comparisons indicate the scope for very substantial advances in both the quantity and the quality of training in this country. © 1983, Sage Publications. All rights reserved.

In spite of their contribution to employment and value‐added of the economies of West African countries, the future of small enterprises depends on their financial viability. To this management efficiency makes a crucial contribution and available empirical evidence surveyed in this article shows major weaknesses in it. Often the right motivations are lacking, problems are ill‐defined and record keeping as a major tool of information gathering and analysis is not practised. It is argued that more detailed investigation of the managerial processes of these enterprises should be undertaken as a basis for innovating in management practices in a way that is adapted to the needs and circumstances of the heterogenous types of small enterprises in West Africa. It is also suggested that facilities available for management training are too centralized adequately to reach rural towns and villages. A decentralized approach to extension should make training facilities more accessible to larger numbers of small entrepreneurs. The inclusion of management training in the traditional apprenticeship system and in the curricula of government trade and vocational training centres would also bring benefits. Copyright © 1983 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

[No abstract available]

Between 1961 and 1966 hydrocephalus operations were performed on 237 children; 66 had a myelocele, 105 a hydrocephalus communicans and 66 a hydrocephalus occlusus. Of these 237 cases 78 (33%) died. Of the surviving 159 follow-up data are available on 140 (88%). Since 1969 nearly all have been psychologically examined at regular 2-year intervals. The mean IQ were: Myeloceles: 94±20.42; hydrocephalus communicans: 87±26.01; hydrocephalus occlusus: 79±28.07; total group: 88±24.10. The results of the long-term study showed a stable development in 61%, an improvement in 29% and a deterioration in 10% of the cases. The development of mental ability is described in relation to neurological deficits and cerebral seizures. The number of shunt-revision operations had no influence. In addition to the familial background, the school career and kind of final schoolexamination is stated. Of the school leavers (44%), 52% took a final school examination (44% primary school examination, 6% secondary school lower certificate and 2% school-leaving examination). Finally, the data for their choice of profession is given. Considering the course of their development to date, it may be anticipated, that approximately 60% of those 140 young people will be able to practise a normal professional life. © 1981 Springer-Verlag.

In the 1977-1979 period 84 thalidomide-affected young people who had followed secondary education up to level 1 (Sekundarstufe 1; school leaving age approx. 16 years) had been interviewed regarding their choice of occupation and vocational integration experience. The group consisted of young people with purely orthopaedical impairments, who were rank-ordered in four degrees of disability severity according to the extent of medical lesion. A parallel group of non-disabled young people, selected on the criteria of sex, age, educational level, vocational objectives, and occupational status of the father, had been matched to the group under examination. A general deficit in occupational information is apparent in the youths. Only 38 percent had received general vocational information at school. The young people themselves seem to have been aware of this deficit as 62 percent contacted the vocational counselling service. The efforts to find a job, if undertaken at all, frequently are initiated by the employment office, not by the disabled themselves. The occupational goals of the physically disabled are significantly more often coined by institutions. Also, their failure to secure an apprenticeship contract is significantly higher. In answering the occupational questionnaire the physically disabled express more distinct vocational confidence and concreteness, while stating at the same time that they consider their occupational opportunities restricted. On the whole there is a risk of the physically disabled - possibly already due to a specific socialisation process the disabled individual may undergo - letting their occupational decision be determined by external influences.

A report is presented on the role of the medical profession in occupational guidance, especially for adolescents with disabilities. On the basis of the new guideline about Application for an Apprenticeship, (1977), the tasks for the different health care departments and their responsibilities in this field are set out. In addition, the author outlines the many possibilities for occupational integration of adolescents with some form of disability.