This research developed a problem-based worksheet (PB-Ws) model integrated with a learning management system (LMS) for the pneumatic course, targeting improvements in students' critical thinking and problem-solving skills. The study employed a four-phase design-based research (DBR) method: needs analysis, design planning, development, and reflection. The PB-Ws was validated by three expert validators. Data collection methods included interviews, observations, literature studies, and documentation. Results demonstrated that the PB-Ws model achieved a high feasibility level, particularly in the context (curriculum alignment and goal relevance), design, and language aspects, each scoring 4.0. However, input (adaptability to student characteristics) and process (implementation clarity and evaluation suitability) scored 3.7 and 3.3, suggesting areas for improvement in evaluation mechanisms and promotion of higher-order thinking skills (HOTS). This is because, although the model aligns with educational needs and standards, enhancements in cognitive challenge are necessary to maximize its effectiveness. The development of the PB-Ws model, integrated with LMS, significantly impacts vocational education by providing a structured, interactive, and accessible learning experience, supporting the cultivation of 21st-century skills in mechatronics and pneumatic systems. © School of Engineering, Taylor’s University.
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