This chapter focuses on why two groups of disadvantaged young adults (the low-educated and those working in low- or medium-skilled occupations) participate—or do not—in job-related non-formal education and training. It suggests that, across occupational groups, job content is the core mechanism preventing young adults from participating. It also shows that institutional context is important: when unemployment rates are high, inequality in participation between occupational groups increases. During the post-2008 recession, investment in active labour market policies and similar measures reduced the ‘training gap’ between high-skilled and low-/medium-skilled occupations. When labour market conditions are more favourable, strong employment protection legislation appears to reduce inequalities in job-related non-formal education; during the economic crisis, however, it seems to have increased them. © The Author(s) 2023.
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