During the twentieth century parallel modes of professional development, typically involving part-time study in a college or professional school, largely became replaced by the familiar sequential pattern involving a full-time degree followed by a training post. The current century is seeing the rise of the integrated model, where academic learning and work-based training are brought together in a common structure. This type of pathway can be located principally in the institutional space, as an academic programme combined with a work attachment together leading to professional recognition, or in the work-space, as a training post that incorporates academic and professional qualifications. The structural aspects of integrated programmes are relatively straightforward to engineer, but it can be more challenging to integrate theory and practice at a pedagogical and practical level, to maintain a balance between workplace and academic concerns, and to ensure that graduates emerge as capable and thinking practitioners. © 2025 selection and editorial matter, Matthew Barr. All rights reserved.
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