Background: The value of Problem-based learning (PBL) in the teaching and learning of mathematics is internationally acknowledged. Its anticipated effectiveness in developing students’ professional knowledge and transferable skills has led many nations to advocate for its inclusion in the mathematics curriculum. However, there are challenges in implementing PBL which have, to date, received little research attention. Purpose: The review reported in this paper aimed to identify the key principles of PBL, the conditions for its effective implementation, and the challenges related to its implementation practices. It included 56 articles derived from searches of educational databases (Scopus, ERIC, EBSCOhost, and ProQuest) and reference harvesting. Method: The relevant papers were identified by applying the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) framework. This approach incorporated a search and screening strategy based on keywords and specific eligibility criteria. To be included, items must have been peer reviewed, relevant to secondary school mathematics, and published within the date range 2020–2023. Data were analysed thematically, via MAXQDA qualitative research analysis software. Findings: The analysed articles revealed several conditions for the effective implementation of PBL. These included factors related to student self-regulation; school organisation and climate; social influences, including peer relationships; and teacher motivation and feedback practices. A range of challenges were also identified at both the teacher and student levels. For teachers, these related particularly to moving from the role of instructor to facilitator, and for students, to specific teamwork and self-regulation challenges. Conclusion: The PBL principles and conditions identified through this review can potentially serve as a benchmark for effective PBL implementation in the teaching and learning of mathematics in schools. Teachers may wish to consider some of the identified methods of integrating PBL into their instructional practices. © 2025 NFER.
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