In countries that have a dual system of vocational training, like Austria, Germany, and Switzerland, the levels of education and employment are higher, with the risk of NEET being lower. Especially the German labour market is a good example of successful youth transitions into gainful employment and decent work. The aim of this paper is a preliminary assessment of the German model of vocational education as a benchmark for Europe. Focusing on the example of Germany and Poland, we investigate not only the costs and benefits of maintaining the dual systems but also several current challenges in the youth labour market. Although the dual system is still the most prominent track for young people, occupational training in school-based systems and tertiary studies is gaining importance. The reduction in the number of applicants for apprenticeship education and training in Germany is not only caused by demographic changes but also by the increasing attractiveness of tertiary studies. This is the reason why we are observing a trend of polarization in education. Considering the advantages of the dual system, we argue that the German apprenticeship approach should be used as a benchmark for the changes that are being implemented in Poland. © 2025 selection and editorial matter, Magdalena Osińska; individual chapters, the contributors.
Author Keywords
Index Keywords
