This study uses linear and non-linear regression models to investigate how language training and employment-related settlement services influence the employment outcomes and income levels of refugees resettled in Canada through its three primary resettlement streams – Government-Assisted Refugees (GARs), Privately Sponsored Refugees (PSRs), and Blended Visa Office-Referred Refugees (BVORs) – between 2014 and 2017. The finding indicate that PSRs and BVORs have notable employment advantages compared to GARs. Additionally, refugees residing outside of Census Metropolitan Areas (CMAs) are more likely to be employed and earn significantly higher incomes than those living within CMAs. Regarding settlement services, participation in language training is associated with increased income following program completion. While employment-related services enhance the likelihood of securing a job, they do not result in higher income. These results suggest that settlement services can positively influence labour market outcomes; however, unobserved heterogeneity—such as differences in motivation, skills, or personal networks, which are not captured in the data – may exist between those who access these services and those who do not. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2025.
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