This systematic literature review examines factors influencing the effectiveness of transfer of learning (TOL) in general and simulator-based contexts, with a focus on Maritime Education and Training (MET). The study analyzed 281 articles, including 37 focused on simulator training, from the Scopus database. Findings reveal five key factor groups: learner characteristics and motivation, program and deliver training, workplace and organization, transfer climate, and alignment and similarity (for general TOL) or facility and simulator (for simulator-based TOL). While many factors are consistent across both contexts, notable differences emerge in the emphasis on instructor characteristics, task complexity, and physical fidelity. The study highlights a significant gap in simulator-based TOL research regarding alignment and similarity factors, which are crucial in general TOL studies. Future research should focus on investigating the role of similarity and alignment in simulator-based MET, particularly examining how closely simulator environments and tasks mirror real-world maritime operations. This research could enhance the effectiveness of knowledge transfer from simulator training to practical shipboard applications, ultimately improving seafarer competency and maritime safety. Limitations include the relatively small number of simulator-specific studies and the exclusive use of the Scopus database, potentially missing relevant research from other sources. © 2025 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
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