This chapter gives a comparative account of the development and gestalt of plurilingualism in two German imperial cities from late medieval times to the beginning of the nineteenth century. It includes a brief overview of their more general religious, political and cultural backgrounds, discusses early forms of vocational language training, focuses on the precarious existence of the 183 Augsburg and Nuremberg masters of languages found in the archives and in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century printed sources, includes a section on the teaching of modern languages to the female gender in early modern times, gives a brief analysis of the surprisingly large corpus of teaching and learning materials available to contemporary foreign language students, and concludes with a short summary of project results. © Willem Frijhofff, Marie-Christine Kok Escalle and Karène Sanchez-Summerer/Taylor & Francis Group 2017.
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