"Vocations" are distinguished by specialized clusters of skills and to examine vocational education and training in a development context is to examine formation of progressively more refined mixes of skills. Of critical importance are diverse agencies and institutions in the formation of competencies that are not readily acquired in schools even where complementary with school learning. Predominantly this means attachment in learning to a producing individual or enterprise. "Attachment learning" ranges from the most familistic through various forms of apprenticeships to "firm-specific" and related human capital formation in large modern organizations. Common to all variants are arrangements (formal or informal) for the sharing of costs and returns to human investments. A major problem for LDCs lies in the limitations of social capital and skill base for the provision of such learning opportunities. This issue calls for intensive consideration in labor market and industrial policies. © 1990.
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