Computer numerical control machine tools (CNC) play a crucial role in modern manufacturing and education. However, traditional industrial virtual training is typically a solitary experience, lacking social interaction. While virtual reality (VR) education offers immersive learning, it often limits opportunities for real-world collaboration, potentially diminishing social and cooperative skills. Additionally, group-based training requires numerous devices, resulting in high costs and low efficiency. To address these challenges, we propose a new educational framework: Cognition-Operation-Assessment. This framework introduces a group-oriented, highly interactive, and evaluable mixed reality (MR) system for CNC machine tool education. By integrating collaborative and interactive functionalities, the system enhances the teaching effectiveness of virtual classrooms, surpassing traditional paper-based and single-player MR learning. Its effectiveness has been validated through comprehensive courses and user experiments. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature 2026.
Author Keywords
Index Keywords
