The main focus of this article is the dual system in Germany. The dual system here consists of a traditional pattern of skill formation which goes back to the medieval mode of apprenticeship training. This means that training is workplace-led and predominantly practical although there is a vocational school involved in the training process. In Germany, other traits, such as the vocational principle and a special kind of public regulation, define a learning culture which differs from most other countries, including England and Australia. On the one hand, the strength of the apprenticeship system implies borderlines to other subsystems, such as full-time vocational education and training (VET). On the other hand, it does not offer individually tailored VET programs, which exist in Anglo-Saxon countries, but resembles the VET systems of Denmark in some respects. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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