IoT Readiness Model for Urban Vocational School: Case Study in Indonesia

Abstract

The Internet of Things (IoT) holds significant potential to enhance vocational education, yet its implementation in this sector remains limited and has a low success rate. Ensuring organizational readiness is essential for successful IoT adoption. This study aims to develop a readiness model to assess the preparedness of urban vocational high schools (VHS) in Indonesia for IoT adoption. The research objectives are to identify key factors influencing VHS readiness, analyze their interrelationships, and determine priority areas for improvement to facilitate IoT adoption in urban VHSs. A quantitative online survey, covering ten factors and 54 indicators, was conducted with top management representatives from 159 urban VHSs in West Java, Indonesia. Data were analyzed through reflective measurement assessments, structural model assessments, and Importance-Performance Map Analysis (IPMA). The study identified four dimensions impacting VHS readiness for IoT adoption: environment, organization, technology, and people. The environmental dimension encompasses market forces, supporting industries, and government regulation, which in turn affect the organizational dimension, including governance and management support and financial readiness. The organizational dimension influences the technological dimension, represented by IoT infrastructure and data readiness and IoT operational readiness. The people dimension comprises technological pedagogical content knowledge and readiness to use technology, all of which directly or indirectly influence the primary factor, readiness to use IoT. Reflective assessments confirmed the validity and reliability of the indicators and factors, and structural model tests supported 12 of the 13 proposed hypotheses. IPMA results identified readiness to use technology and IoT infrastructure and data readiness as top priorities for improvement. This study offers valuable insights for VHS management in preparing for IoT adoption, contributing to the advancement of vocational education by synthesizing multiple foundational readiness frameworks. Additionally, it provides a reference for developing new models to assess and improve IoT readiness in educational settings or in other settings. © 2025, Qubahan. All rights reserved.

Keywords

Author Keywords

Vocational education Internet of Things adoption model readiness model

Index Keywords

Author Affiliations

Department of Information Technology, Telkom University, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia, Department of Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Department of Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Film Production, Broadcast and Film Areas of Expertise, Bandung, Indonesia

Department of Business Technology and Entrepreneurship, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia

Funding & Acknowledgements

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM

Funding text 1: This research was funded by Telkom University and Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.; Funding text 2: This research is supported by the Directorate of Research and Community Service at Telkom University and Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. We would like to extend our deepest gratitude to the reviewers for their invaluable feedback, which has significantly contributed to enhancing the quality of this publication.; Funding text 3: This research was funded by Telkom University and Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Funding text 4: where is the sample size, is the population size ( = 180), and is the margin of error (e=0.05). In the distributed form questionnaire, the first page included an ethical concern statement outlining informed consent. This statement provided details on the survey process, potential risks, data confidentiality, and contact information The study questionnaire was distributed online to school principals or management representatives via email and messaging platforms. This process was supported by an official letter of permission and endorsement from the West Java Provincial Department of Education. Data collection took place from February to June 2024, ensuring a thorough approach to gathering insights from VHSs in the region.

Universitas Telkom

Funding text 1: This research was funded by Telkom University and Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.; Funding text 2: This research is supported by the Directorate of Research and Community Service at Telkom University and Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. We would like to extend our deepest gratitude to the reviewers for their invaluable feedback, which has significantly contributed to enhancing the quality of this publication.; Funding text 3: This research was funded by Telkom University and Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Funding text 4: where is the sample size, is the population size ( = 180), and is the margin of error (e=0.05). In the distributed form questionnaire, the first page included an ethical concern statement outlining informed consent. This statement provided details on the survey process, potential risks, data confidentiality, and contact information The study questionnaire was distributed online to school principals or management representatives via email and messaging platforms. This process was supported by an official letter of permission and endorsement from the West Java Provincial Department of Education. Data collection took place from February to June 2024, ensuring a thorough approach to gathering insights from VHSs in the region.

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IoT Readiness Model for Urban Vocational School: Case Study in Indonesia

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