The analyses of the four papers of this special issue lead to the formulation of challenges for research(ers). Aim is to provide input for a fundamental discussion on research to be able to improve learning and educational processes in vocational education. The challenges relate to: the relation between school and work, and the different functions schools and work organizations have; the question if a didactic for vocational education is available and/or needed; the aim of 'Bildung'; consistent use of theories, instruction models and instructional design; the need for consistency in components of the learning environments; the need for consistency in relation to the scientific paradigm. This paper concludes with saying that intervention and evaluation studies are needed, and research on the professionalism of vocational educators (at school, in companies) and the relation between triggers and the learning activities that emanate from them. Furthermore is stated that good researchers are required.
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