In a period of historically high youth unemployment the availability and quality of vocational education takes on particular importance. It is seen by policy-makers and researchers as essential for supporting transitions from education to work, but concepts and purposes of vocational education vary. This article draws on international comparisons to explore the extent to which vocational programs are designed to prepare young people for broad vocational areas and citizenship or more narrowly for specific jobs. It identifies the 'societal approach' as a major way of helping to theorize and explain differences in, and similarities between, national vocational education systems. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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